Use of International Law to Protect Human Rights - 1814 Words

1. Introduction Treaties are the highest source of international law besides jus cogens norms that have binding effect on the parties that ratify them.2 International human rights treaties rely on the â€Å"name and shame† mechanisms to pressure states to improve practices.3 However with â€Å"toothless† international human rights norms, moral coercion is not always effective. An empirical study conducted by Professor Oona Hathaway assessing the effect of human rights treaty ratification on human rights compliance, maintains in its findings that ratification of human rights treaties has little effect on state practices.4 States do not feel pressured to comply and change their practices, rather, signing treaties is â€Å"more likely to offset†¦show more content†¦The question as to why States continue to set up international institutions and ratify treaties remains unanswered and is an ongoing debate. Gerb Oberleitner notes that: with idealists and neoliberals pointing out their significance and necessity, functionalists invoking their usefulness, institutionalists and constructivists asserting their influence, realist being skeptical about all that, and normative theories dissecting their foundations, there is no shortage of analytical engagement .20 Kenneth Abbott and Duncan Snidal reject that any of the above theories give any insight as to why States use formal international organizations to advance human rights.21 While opponents of international law argue that it is all â€Å"mere window dressing.†22 According to Hathaway, States ratify treaties symbolically to show other States that they accept the principles of human rights but they rarely change their practices because of their obligations in the treaty.23 Based on a study of the ICCPR, Linda Keith argued that, â€Å"it may be overly optimistic to expect that being a party to this international covenant will produce an observable direct impact†. 24These findings raise the question as to whether human rights law regime is at all effective in protecting individual human rights. Whether the lack of adherence to human rights obligations indicatesShow MoreRelatedTrade Between Human And Human Rights1428 Words   |  6 Pages1 Introduction Thesis: Today,the trade is changing our life,and fair trade is very important to us. It terms of the human rights history, the impact from globalization, the trade with different countries,and to solve how can keep balance between trade and human rights. Trade vs Human Rights is a great important issue in the international economy, especially in developing countries and developed countries.Trade is defined as â€Å"the act or process of buying, selling, or exchanging commodities, atRead MoreThe Human Rights Of Australia1445 Words   |  6 PagesCountries such as Australia and People’s Republic of China owe a duty to their citizens to uphold basic human rights outlined in such treaties as International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1976 (United Nations,1948) and the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1987. Article 2 of the treaty has been accepted by Australia and China which states that each State party should take legislative, administrative and judicial measures to preventRead MoreWhy Have Some American Attempts At Humanitarian Intervention Been Successful And Others Not?987 Words   |  4 Pageshumanitarian intervention been successful and others not? 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I have several reasons to explain it. 〠Key Words】religious liberty, constructional law, human right The power and the order of the common customsRead MoreThe Decision For El Salvador s Supreme Court860 Words   |  4 Pagesimportance of the interplay amongst different levels of actors in international relations politics. These various institutions, governments, groups, and individuals are especially important when considering the issue of human rights. My chosen article, co-written by Elisabeth Malkin and Gene Palumbo, describes the landmark decision for El Salvador’s Supreme Court to overturn an amnesty law that protected perpetrators of human rights violations. The ruling of the Supreme Court is based on the groundsRead MoreWhat Are Human Rights And From Where Do They Originate?1400 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are human rights and from where do they originate? 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There is not much control over that practice, it can start from occasional, non-l eaving physical permanent injuryRead MoreInternational Law Is The Violation Of National Law Throws A Nation Into Social Anomalies1713 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction International law regulates the relationship between nation states in the world. Violation of international law makes the whole world hazardous as the violation of national law throws a nation into social anomalies. Drones are the weapon of 21st century, the century which is marked by the development of technology. It is thought-provoking and horrifying that the international law is being questioned by the drones attack throughout the world. It is said that the target of these UnnamedRead MoreHumanitarian Intervention : Humanitarian Interventions1541 Words   |  7 PagesBernard Corpus International Politics Humanitarian Intervention Humanitarian Intervention What is humanitarian intervention? Well there is no standardized definition that has been made official, but general consensus typically refers it, as using military force to intervene in another states affairs. A blogger from Ljubljana, Slovenia defines humanitarian intervention as; a state s use of military force against another state when the chief publicly declared aim of that military action is endingRead MoreInternational Pressure As A Possible Solution1599 Words   |  7 Pagesof government action or inaction. Given that widespread protests resulted in no significant changes, the outlook for the Bahraini government instituting changes on their own for the betterment of human rights is unlikely. I have suggested international pressure as a possible solution to many of the rights violations we have discussed, but for several reasons, this has not happened, and is unlikely to do so. The Fifth Fleet of the United States Navy is based in Bahrain. The US views the fleet base

10 Interesting Facts About Radioactive Tritium

Tritium is the radioactive isotope of the element hydrogen. It has many useful applications. Here are some interesting facts about tritium: Tritium is also known as hydrogen-3 and has an element symbol T or 3H.  The nucleus of a tritium atom is called a triton  and consists of three particles: one proton and two neutrons. The word tritium comes from  Greek the word tritos, which means third. The other two isotopes of hydrogen are protium (most common form) and deuterium.Tritium has an atomic number of 1, like other hydrogen isotopes, but it has a mass of about 3 (3.016).Tritium decays via beta particle emission, with a half-life of 12.3 years. The beta decay releases 18 keV of energy, where tritium decays into helium-3 and a beta particle. As the neutron changes into a proton, the hydrogen changes into helium. This is an example of the natural transmutation of one element into another.Ernest Rutherford was the first person to produce tritium. Rutherford,  Mark Oliphant, and Paul Harteck prepared tritium from deuterium in 1934 but were unable to isolate it.  Luis Alvarez and Robert Cornog realized tritium was ra dioactive and successfully isolated the element.Trace amounts of tritium occur naturally on Earth when cosmic rays interact with the atmosphere. Most tritium that is available is made via neutron activation of lithium-6 in a nuclear reactor. Tritium is also produced by nuclear fission of uranium-235, uranium-233, and polonium-239. In the United States, tritium is produced at a nuclear facility in Savannah, Georgia. At the time of a report issued in 1996, only 225 kilograms of tritium had been produced in the United States.Tritium can exist as an odorless and colorless gas, like ordinary hydrogen, but the element is mainly found in liquid form as part of tritiated water or T2O, a form of heavy water.A tritium atom has the same 1 net electrical charge as any other hydrogen atom, but tritium behaves differently from the other isotopes in chemical reactions because the neutrons produce a stronger attractive nuclear force when another atom is brought close. Consequently, tritium is bette r able to fuse with lighter atoms to form heavier ones.External exposure to tritium gas or tritiated water is not very dangerous because tritium emits such a low energy beta particle that the radiation cannot penetrate the skin. However, tritium does pose some health risks if it is ingested, inhaled, or enters the body through an open wound or injection. The biological half-life ranges from around 7 to 14 days, so bioaccumulation of tritium is not a significant concern. Because beta particles are a form of ionizing radiation, the expected health effect from internal exposure to tritium would be an elevated risk of developing cancer.Tritium has many uses, including self-powered lighting, as a component in nuclear weapons, as a radioactive label in chemistry lab work, as a tracer for biological and environmental studies, and for controlled nuclear fusion.High levels of tritium were released into the environment from nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s and 1960s. Prior to the tests, i t is estimated only 3 to 4 kilograms of tritium was present on the Earths surface. After testing, the levels rose 200-300%. Much of this tritium combined with oxygen to form tritiated water. One interesting consequence is that the tritiated water could be traced and used as a tool to monitor the hydrologic cycle and to map ocean currents. Sources Jenkins, William J. et al, 1996: Transient Tracers Track Ocean Climate Signals Oceanus, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Zerriffi, Hisham (January 1996). Tritium: The environmental, health, budgetary, and strategic effects of the Department of Energys decision to produce tritium. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research.

Introduction. The Pilgrimage Of Faxian And Xuanzang To

Introduction The pilgrimage of Faxian and Xuanzang to the India is an important event in the cultural exchange between China and India because their experiences of pilgrimages have significant effects on not only development of Buddhism in China as well as cultural exchange between China and India. Faxian and Xuanzang actively participated in various Buddhist activities in India. Their travel experiences were maintained in detailed records of their precious books, which are preservation of valuable historical information such as Ancient Buddhism, geography and social customs in order to study India, Sri Lanka, and other countries. Motivations of the Chinese monks The main motivation of the Chinses monks’ pilgrimage is the emergence of†¦show more content†¦From this perspective, the pilgrimage to India is necessary. At the same time, the Buddhist scriptures and discipline were incomplete and there were only a few of them. Monks acts in his own way without law compliance at that time. These two reasons are there was a movement to seek the Buddhist scriptures and discipline in India. And they are the motives of Faxian’s pilgrimage to India. On the other hand, the motivations of Xuanzang’s pilgrimage to India are due to inspiration of Faxian and mere and messy situation of Buddhist scriptures and discipline. It is no doubt that Faxian s pilgrimage to India is successful. And his book Record of the Buddhist Kingdoms has more directly inspired Xuanzang to obtain Buddhist scriptures and discipline. Another important reason for Xuanzang’s pilgrimage to India is the mere and messy situation of Buddhist scriptures and discipline. Within the study of the theory of different Buddhist scriptures and discipline, there was more doubt and confusion due to lack of sufficient Buddhist scriptures and discipline. Based on the introduction of Buddhism situation in India, especially the Buddhist Center Nalanda which is the highest school of Buddhism from one monk from India, Xuanzang determined his pilgrimage to India. Both two reasons show that he has a purpose and will to pursue for his pilgrimage to India. Experiences of Faxian and Xuanzang’s

Marketing Intelligence and Business Research

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Intelligence and Business Research. Answer: Introduction Marketing intelligence is the data, which is reliable to an organizations markets, accumulated and analyzed for the purpose of accurate decision-making for determining the market opportunity and also the market development metrics. This study is helpful to identify what issues faced by the George Armani within the fashion industry. George Armani has a distinctive distrust of groups as well as some definite cyclical attitude towards the society, which may leave the manager feeling out of the step and also not able to participate in the activities or functions with his subordinates. According to Cacciolatti and Andrew Fearne (2013), it can be stated that overcoming a sense of aloofness or alienation from the staffs is considered as an essential task for Armani. Before discussing the issues faced by George Armani, it is necessary to discuss the operations and functions of the organization. The George Armani brand owned and operates by the creator and designer George Armani, who has earn ed much fame within the fashion industry by using its superior design, ideas, themes and also trends. It is known that it maintains a real luxury brand, the Aura. On the other hand, George is not getting the fame but also this is identified as one of the highly values fashion organization across the world with a value of approximately USD 3.3 billion. Industry analysis The industry is suffering from founders dilemma. As opined by Jensenet al. (2016), it can be mentioned that the main competitive advantage of this organization is the founder or the leader himself. In this context, the employees of the organization thought that neither the leader nor the organization would think of life after the founder. Therefore, it can be assumed that as the success of the organization depends on the existence of a single person, the organization requires to take proper action. In this connection, it can be mentioned that George Armani is the major eyeglasses manufacturing brand of Italy. The sales of this organization have added a major amount in the glass industry of Italy. According to Yanget al. (2015), the glass manufacturing industry faced several challenges and the industry faced the downstream bargaining power, energy prices. On the other hand, it can be observed that the glass manufacturing industry also has been suffering from the lack of security of su pply. In addition, Moutinho, Luiz, and Scott McCabe (2014) cited that non-European Union nations with the strong glass production have been enjoying non-tariff barriers like the certification schemes and the compulsory testing. The commission forces for the elimination of peak tariffs in the non-EU nations important for the Italian glass manufacturers. This would directly make a negative impact on the glass manufacturing company, George Armani. Furthermore, the European Union glass industry is represented by large EU based organizations. The production procedure is energy intensive as well as the manufacturers also faced higher startup costs and also tied distribution channels. Production facilities are assumed as the capital intensive as well as also require long investment cycles. In addition, Kanwal et al. (2017) pointed that the startup business would face another problem such as the existence of survival, as George Armani played the role of monopolist in the domestic market; therefore , the other organizations face the problem of survival. The Italian glass industry would face from the existence issue in case of expanding their business in the global market as there are limited investments by leveraging the strong brand equity. Consumer analysis George Armani is the largest Italian designer organization. As per the statement of Guarda and Santos(2015), it can be mentioned that the consumers of George Armani are highly well educated and also wealthier. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that Armani exchange is a brand focused and mainly targets the young generation. They are used to go outside for fun and significantly represent the brand. In the words of Venter, Peet and Rensburg (2014), the targeted consumers are mainly contemporary, modern, focused and fast. Therefore, it can be added that this glass-manufacturing brand is not for all of the consumers. They mainly target the young men, who are belonging from the age group of 18 years to 32 years. Armani exchange is a unique and different brand like the others. The glass manufacturing organization is mainly looking for teenage market, which are used to follow the celebrities or the latest trends. In this context, it can be mentioned that the teenagers are willing the replicate looks, what they have seen on their favorite celebrity. In order to increase the sales of the organization, George Armani used to take the help of social networking sites in case of launching of new products. It is known that the youth are highly connected with the social networking sites; therefore, these would be the best medium for launching of new product. On the other hand, in order to satisfy the consumers, this glass manufacturing company provides offers and discounts to the consumers. Moreover, in order to retain the consumers, George Armani has started consumer loyalty scheme (Heidariet al. 2015). This will be helpful to maintain a long term relationship with the consumers. Furthermore, it can b e depicted that the youth are highly looking for new and updated trends or models; therefore, the organization mainly aims to manufacture fashionable frames and glasses, which attract the consumers willingness to purchase the products (Heo, Jun and Sutherland 2013). The main purpose of this study is to identify the trend of the industry of glass manufacturing of European Union. In this context, this study has also highlighted the major issues or challenges faced by the glass manufacturing industry of European Union. The contribution and the role of George Armani organization into the industry would also be highlighted. To examine the impact of the operations of George Armani on the consumers To examine how the consumers will be satisfied with the products and the services of the glass manufacturing company. In order to identify the effect of the organizational service of George Armani on the consumers, this study has planned to collect both the primary as well as the secondary data. With the help of this technique, it would be able to identify the purpose of the study by using the objective. On the other hand, the research methodology is benefitted to identify the problems faced by the organization. In this purpose, this study has highlighted the targeted consumers and their willingness towards the organization. In order to satisfy the consumers, the organization has used several marketing strategy, which have discussed in this study significantly. In order to complete the study, the researcher has followed the deductive approach as it helps to the researcher to interpret and infer the conclusion of the interview. According to Heet al. (2015), it can be mentioned that the researcher does not need to consider or follow any new theory or approach. More specifically, it can be stated that this technique mainly focused to the research objectives. On the other hand, in order to derive the impact of the organizational operation on the consumers, positivism research philosophy would be considered. This is the highly structured research philosophy. Albayraket al. (2013) opined that in case of the collection of primary data, the researcher requires to collect more realistic and the accurate data. It is known that data collection is a process, which is gathered from several sources. The interviewer would conduct the interview technique in order to identify the review of the consumers regarding the organizational operation and the organizational behavior. In case of primary research, the researcher would make an interview on 2 consumers. They are belonging from the age group of 18 years to 25 years. The consumers are asked 3close ended questions, which would be helpful to derive the impact of the organizational operation of George Armani on the consumers. On the other hand, in case of secondary data collection, the researcher would collect the information from several newspapers, journals, articles etc. The researcher also collects information from the past researches. The previous researches would be helpful to get an idea on the organizational operation of George Armani group. In order to collect information, sampling technique is the best method to conduct the primary resear ch. Moreover, Rani, Jeya and Thangaraja (2016) cited that in order to infer the conclusion, the researcher would follow the simple random sampling technique. In this context, the researcher would not require to be biased and also needs to give equal chances to the consumers, so that they can participate in the interview method equally. In this purpose, the researcher sends 5 respondents through email, however, among them 2 consumers responses. Due to the shortage of time, the researcher would conduct the interview on 2 consumers. Instruments The respondents were bound between three responses. From the first question, it can be inferred that two responses highly agree that George Armani mainly focused to the product designing. As it is known that the targeted consumers of this organization are belonging from the 18years to 25 years and they are willing to purchase fashionable designs, therefore, the organization manufacture the latest designing models based on the latest trend. In this connection, it can be stated that the consumers are satisfied with the designing of the products. Based on the second question, it can be observed that the researcher have identified that the price of the products are comparatively higher from the other organizations. In this point, the consumers are willing to purchase the products in turn of affordable prices. Therefore, it can be assumed that the consumers can purchase products from other resources. In this context, it can be inferred that the total sales of George Armani would be decreased. Lastly, the third question is the reflection of the consumers towards the usefulness of consumer loyalty program of George Armani. After conducting the interview, it can be observed that two consumers are willing to the consumer loyalty program. Therefore, the organization would be able to retain consumers and also able to satisfy the consumers. On the other hand, the consumers are also willing to maintain the long term relationship with the organization. In this purpose, the organization has started several schemes in order to attract the consumers preferences. Secondary data analysis: As per the statement of Tandon et al. (2013), it can be mentioned that this glass manufacturing organization meets the needs of the target consumers by addressing the current product. This organization illustrates the elegance, style and the luxury. As the youth are willing to purchase the products from this organization, therefore, the sales and the revenue of this company has been increasing with the passage of time. This will in turn expand their business in the global market successfully. In this purpose, George Armani expands their business in the countries like India and China. On the other hand, Kursunluoglu and Emel (2014) pointed that Armani sets comparatively higher prices without compromising the quality of the products. Implication After conducting the primary research, it can be observed that the consumers are highly willing to purchase the products from George Armani group. In order to identify the effect of the organization, the researcher would conduct an interview on 2 consumers. In this purpose, it can be inferred that the youth consumers mainly seek to purchase latest trend and fashionable models of glasses. This would increase the sales of the organization. On the other hand, it can be seen that the consumers are also willing to the consumer loyalty program of the company. Therefore, the long term relationship with the consumers would be maintained. On the contrary, it can be mentioned that the price of the products is comparatively higher and sometimes this would make a negative impact on the consumers. Therefore, the managers of the organization require to take a new fair pricing policy in order to satisfy the consumers. References Albayrak, Tahir, ?afak Aksoy, and Meltem Caber. "The effect of environmental concern and scepticism on green purchase behaviour." Marketing Intelligence Planning 31, no. 1 (2013): 27-39. Cacciolatti, L. A., and Andrew Fearne. "Marketing intelligence in SMEs: implications for the industry and policy makers." Marketing Intelligence Planning 31, no. 1 (2013): 4-26. Guarda, Teresa Maria Gaspar dos Santos. "Pervasive business intelligence: a marketing intelligence framework proposal." (2015). He, Wu, Harris Wu, Gongjun Yan, Vasudeva Akula, and Jiancheng Shen. "A novel social media competitive analytics framework with sentiment benchmarks." Information Management 52, no. 7 (2015): 801-812. Heidari, Hasan Ali, Hiva Faroughi, and Mansoor Khaksar. "Examination of the Role of Competitive Advantage in the Relationship between the Marketing Intelligence and Export Performance of the Companies Located in the Industrial Town of Ilam City." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 62 (2015): 53-61. Heo, Jun, and John C. Sutherland. "The Effects of Marketing-Intelligence Gaps on Advertising Agency-Client Relationships: A Survey of US Media Planners." In American Academy of Advertising. Conference. Proceedings (Online), p. 7. American Academy of Advertising, 2013. Trainor, Kevin, Michael T. Krush, and Raj Agnihotri. "Effects of relational proclivity and marketing intelligence on new product development." Marketing Intelligence Planning 31, no. 7 (2013): 788-806. Jensen, Jonathan A., Lane Wakefield, Joe B. Cobbs, and Brian A. Turner. "Forecasting sponsorship costs: marketing intelligence in the athletic apparel industry." Marketing Intelligence Planning 34, no. 2 (2016): 281-298. Kanwal, Supreet, Harsh Vardhan Samalia, and Gurparkash Singh. "The Role of Marketing Intelligence in Brand Positioning: Perspective of Marketing Professionals." Journal of Cases on Information Technology (JCIT) 19, no. 1 (2017): 24-41. Kursunluoglu, Emel. "Shopping centre customer service: creating customer satisfaction and loyalty." Marketing Intelligence Planning 32, no. 4 (2014): 528-548. Moutinho, Luiz, and Scott McCabe. "Marketing intelligence and forecasting." (2014). Rani, R. Jeya, and A. Thangaraja. "The Role of Marketing Intelligence in Green Banking PracticesA Conceptual Approach." Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 2, no. 9 (2016). Tandon, Deepak, Neelam Tandon, and Shri Havish Madhvapaty. "Marketing intelligence tools amongst Indian banksInternet marketing perspectives." ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 3, no. 4 (2013): 20-32. Venter, Peet, and Mari Jansen Van Rensburg. "The relationship between marketing intelligence and strategic marketing." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 17, no. 4 (2014): 440-4470. Yang, Chin-Sheng, Cheng-Hsiung Chen, and Pei-Chann Chang. "Harnessing consumer reviews for marketing intelligence: a domain-adapted sentiment classification approach." Information Systems and e-Business Management 13, no. 3 (2015): 403-419.