Alternatives to Conventional Internal Combustion :: Expository Essays Research Papers

Alternatives to Conventional Internal Combustion Congress created the Electric and hybridizing Vehicle Technologies (EHV) Program in 1992 for reasons of national defense. The specific purpose of the program was to solve the issues of performance, stealth, and fuel efficiency demanded by the military. The EHV program was managed by the Department of defence and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), as a side note DARPA developed the F-117 Stealth Fighter during the mid to late 1970s and former(a) 1980s. DARPA and the Department of Defense created a consortium with 150 companies that were involved in 300 projects with a total investment of 250 million from 1993-1998 with half the funding provided by non-federal partners. They focused and developed on these areas of research hybrid electric transmissions, auxiliary power units and motors, mature battery and charger systems and controllers, flywheels to augment or replace batteries, and advanced materials to re duce vehicle weight (http//scitech.dot.gov/partners/nextsur/avp/avp.html)The Advanced Vehicles Technologies Program represents the civilian version of the military EHV Program. EHV became AVP in 1999. The AVP budget was 50 million annually from 1999 to 2003. USCar, also began in 1992, it is a program made up by DaimlerChrsyler, Ford and General Motors to further strengthen the technology base of the domestic auto industry done cooperative, pre-competitive research (http//www.uscar.org/) and from this project came a new program called FreedomCar, which is a joint venture with the USCar members and the Department of Energy. The ultimate goal of FreedomCar is to make hydrogen and fuel stall based transportation system. This is the long-term goal, which will take some time to be realized. The project is also looking at advanced internal blaze engines, emissions control for diesel engines, light weight materials, hybrid electric vehicle systems, advanced batteries a nd alternative fuels (http//www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/program_areas/freedomcar/index.shtml). The transportation celestial sphere obtains 95% of its fuel from petroleum and this sector accounts for 67% of Americans total petroleum use. The United States imports roughly 10 million barrels of oil per day (http//www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/program_areas/freedomcar/index.shtml). The dependence on merchandise oil could potentially threaten the energy security of the U.S. Roughly 55 percent of oil we consume is imported and this is expected to go up to 65 percent by 2025.

Should It Be Legal :: essays research papers

Should it be Legal?In 1978 the state legislator of New Mexico make a law allowing physicians to prescribe cannabis to perseverings suffering from na rolea caused by chemotherapy, much of this due to the efforts of a cancer patient by the name of Lynn Pierson. The federal official government modified the law to make it comply with IND regulations requiring a research program. The FDA also demanded umpteen studies and required the doctors to fill out many pages of forms for every patient and documenting their progress, slowing the process to a stand still. This process of getting cannabis to the patients was taking so long that New Mexico officials considered using confiscated marijuana from the state bridle-path patrol. In August of 1978 Lynn Pierson, who worked so hard for the legalization of marijuana, died of cancer without ever receiving legal marijuana. A few weeks later the Federal Government suspended the marijuana program. The Federal Bureau of Narcotics reasons for maki ng marijuana illegal were that it was highly addictive and caused violent crimes. Today neither of those reasons has been backed by much data and many experts believe the opposite. According to the National Household Survey on drug abuse, more than 76 million Americans admit to trying marijuana. Along with those who value marijuana for recreational reasons, many doctors say that it has medicinal uses as well. The government should look at these facts and consider the legalization of marijuana.There are many arguments against the legalization of marijuana. cardinal commonly held view is marijuana is gateway drug or a drug that opens the door for harder drug use such as cocaine or heroin. The Institute of Medicine disagrees, and in their 1999 report they explained that marijuana has been mistaken for a gateway drug in the past because patterns in adolescence drug use is strikingly regular. Because it is the most commonly used illicit drug, it is likely that it is the first illegal dr ug that people try. Most drug users begin with alcohol and nicotine, before they use marijuana (Joy 32).Another complaint about marijuana is that it is a dangerous drug that causes permanent brain malign. Dr. Iversen of Oxford University says, Cannabis does not cause structural damage to the brains of animals as some reports had claimed, nor is there evidence of long-term damage to the human brain or other than slight residual impairments in cognitive region after drug use is stopped (Woolf 24).

Why Do Fireflies Glow? Essay -- essays research papers

Why do Fireflies Glow?     Fireflies have evolved the ability to send from their belly as a means of communication with each other. The most important reason for the flashing is for sexual communication. Flash signals have been classified into two systems. cardinal is where a continuously glowing female attracts a non-glowing male. The second is when a female, flashes a species-specific response to a flying male, who is broadcasting a pulsating signal. There ar other functions of flashing as well, such as using their luminescence for lighting up the ground during landing and walking. Fireflies also flash when captured or confined, which is image to intimidate predators. Males can sometimes bend his light organ forward and put it in the face of the female hes mounted, flash it, blinding her since her eyes are sensitive and adapted to darkness. She will then be unable to see rival males clearly, hindering her from communicating with other potential mates. (Lloy d, 1984a).     A particular genus of firefly, Photuris, has evolved kind of an interesting behavior. It has learned to mimic the mating flashes of another genus, Photinus. They have "cracked" the species-specific signal codes of their prey, using their own sexual signals against them (Lloyd, 1990). When Photinus males attempt to mate with Photuris, she eats them. This phenomenon is called each aggressive mimicry or predatory responding (Copeland, 1991). T...

Machiavelli :: essays research papers

     A great draw is someone who appears to be priceless. immense leader is the main example of his people he should suck up the characteristics of higher standards therefore developing his followers into something better. Extraordinary leaders need to have communication skills to understand what the followers expect from him. "You serve as an influential role model for your players and allthing you do will be watched. Vince Lombardi says, " leadership are made, they are non born and they are made simply like anything else has every been made in this country - by hard work."" (Sugarman).     Great leader must be seen as world great not actually being one. Machiavelli suggests this idea in D1. To seem to have the qualities is necessary as opposed to having the qualities without the people knowing about them. This is true for all leaders not just political. D1 suggests flexibility is needed, " but you must have the min d so disposed that when it is needful to be otherwise you may be able to change to the opponent qualities." Flexibility is important the leader all in all has to give the people what they want satisfying the majority. D1 says that great leaders are sometimes compel to do evil if constrained without deviating from what is good (if possible), " being often obligated, in order to maintain the state, to act against faith, against charity"Communication and timing are important. Great leaders are great when they get something across to the followers that the followers want to hear, there is a clear understanding from both sides. "The great leader is a master in the art of communication. He or she is aware of the strong need for actions to match words. Leaders need to possess a willingness to attend to input with an open mind." (Sugarman), "Leadership is about building connections. Effective leaders make people feel they have a stake in crude problems." (Good win). Great leaders are good with timing "Timing is (almost) everything. Knowing when to introduce an initiative, when to go before ones constituents -- and when to hold off -- is a crucial skill." (Goodwin).Leaders must care about their people (and of course show them that they care) "A leader who does not hesitate before he sends his nation into battle is not fit to be a leader" (a quote of Golda Meir) (Spanoudis). This sets an example for the followers to care about their leader too.

To Kill A Mockingbird: Prejudice Is Part Of Our Inherent Nature :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

To Kill A Mockingbird Prejudice Is Part of Our Inherent NatureWhy did genus Atticus defend a nigger? What was the point of being the advocate for ablack man? It doesnt matter if their guilty or innocent, you can ceaselesslyand effortlessly convict the animals for their colour vice. You can even turn ablind eye to the obvious truth. And so did the great deal, the white, narrow-minded, bigoted and hypocritical people of Maycomb.The plea for why Atticus broke from the norm, and acted unlike mostothers in his community, can be compared to the motive of the central characterin the novel, A Time To Kill, write by John Grisham. The comparativecharacter, a lawyer named Jake, withal endangers not only his hold life but hisfamilys, by defending a Negro. He is compelled to undergo such a risk as hebelieves he is protecting an innocent man. Despite the fact that he is black.Jake could not live with himself if he failed to give his utmost effort inclearing the accused, Carl Lee Haileys, nam e. The lawyer feels that it is hisobligation to humanity to do so. Similarly, the case Atticus accepts issomething which goes to the essence of a mans own conscience. Atticus isunable to treat the underdogs of the town how the majority of people act towardsthem. Clearly the people of Maycomb are narrow-minded, bigoted and hypocritical,and Atticus Finch is not. Nothing can be done to make the prejudiced, perversepeople hear the truth. This dogmatic attitude does not occur exclusivelybetween the whites and the Negroes either. The communitys unsubstantiatedstories about other citizens also demonstrate their heedless to the truth andprejudiced natures.Arthur Radley, otherwise labelled Boo, has for decades been maliciouslyslandered, in the county. The people that have done so do not sleep with Arthur, andthe reason they can make such judgments escapes me. When there was a series ofpets being mysteriously slaughtered, the consensus was that it was performed byBoo. Later, when the culprit transpired to be someone else, most people werestill rooted in the belief that Boo was to blame. They could not believe thetruth. And all unsolved crimes committed, in the area, have been manufacturedsolely by him. If your tend freezes it is because he breathed on it and nutsand other fruits, grown on the Radley property, are considered poisonous. Whyhave these allegations been targeted on Arthur? All that distinguishes him fromother folks is that he isolates himself from the community. Is privacy a crime?

To Kill A Mockingbird: Prejudice Is Part Of Our Inherent Nature :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

To Kill A Mockingbird Prejudice Is Part of Our Inherent NatureWhy did genus Atticus defend a nigger? What was the point of being the advocate for ablack man? It doesnt matter if their guilty or innocent, you ass ceaselesslyand effortlessly convict the animals for their coloration vice. You can even turn ablind eye to the obvious truth. And so did the people, the white, narrow-minded, bigoted and hypocritical people of Maycomb.The justification for why Atticus broke from the norm, and acted unlike mostothers in his community, can be compared to the motive of the central characterin the novel, A Time To Kill, written by bum Grisham. The comparativecharacter, a lawyer named Jake, also endangers not only his own life but hisfamilys, by defending a Negro. He is compelled to undergo such(prenominal) a risk as hebelieves he is protecting an innocent man. Despite the fact that he is black.Jake could not live with himself if he failed to give his consequence effort inclearing the accused , Carl Lee Haileys, name. The lawyer feels that it is hisobligation to humanity to do so. Similarly, the case Atticus accepts issomething which goes to the essence of a mans own conscience. Atticus is futile to treat the underdogs of the town how the majority of people act towardsthem. Clearly the people of Maycomb are narrow-minded, bigoted and hypocritical,and Atticus Finch is not. Nothing can be done to fudge the prejudiced, perversepeople hear the truth. This dogmatic attitude does not occur exclusivelybetween the whites and the Negroes either. The communitys unsubstantiatedstories about other citizens also demonstrate their absorbed to the truth andprejudiced natures.Arthur Radley, otherwise labelled Boo, has for decades been maliciouslyslandered, in the county. The people that have done so do not know Arthur, andthe reason they can make such judgments escapes me. When there was a series ofpets being mysteriously slaughtered, the consensus was that it was performed byBoo. Lat er, when the culprit transpired to be someone else, most people werestill grow in the belief that Boo was to blame. They could not believe thetruth. And all unsolved crimes committed, in the area, have been manufacturedsolely by him. If your garden freezes it is because he hard on it and nutsand other fruits, grown on the Radley property, are considered poisonous. Whyhave these allegations been targeted on Arthur? All that distinguishes him fromother folks is that he isolates himself from the community. Is privacy a crime?

Kindred Spirits Hotel †Case study Essay

Identify and Define the hassleBefore Greta became the owner of the Kindred Spirits Hotel, there had always been a comfortable, family atmosphere, but this was morose upside down by her presence. She was cold and uncommunicative. She would yell at the employees and reprimand them in front of employees and guests. She excessively insisted non working the breakfast shift. This was hard on the staff because major decisions needed to be made at that time and Greta was unavailable. As well, she fired three workers to cut addresss.However, the work needing to be d champion did not decrease, she just expected everyone to do more. This made it difficult to feed guests breakfast, check out guests, and clean the rooms before new guests arrived. Most days, new guests had to have a bun in the oven for their rooms. Sometimes, they left and went to other hotels. Revenues were down 18% over last year at this time and profits had decreased 25%. Greta immediately cancelled either bonuses and c ut buns on the benefits offered to employees. The problem is that Gretas attitude, work ethic & style have tarnished the hotels reputation and operation. As a result, the workers morale has been weakened to an all-time low.Generate and Evaluate Possible SolutionsGreta has to do a self-reflection and adapt to the environment to which the rest of the employees have become accustomed. She call for to treat the staff with look upon and to stop yelling at them. In addition, Greta needs to become more of a team player. She needs to relapse the attitude that she is superior because she is the boss and twitch in and help herself. She needs to be available particularly in the morning, as that is when decisions are made and it is the busiest and most critical part of the day.Greta may also consider hiring back those employees she released, in an effort to get the work done, thus better servicing the guests. This would also improve staff morale. If she were to admit she made a mistake an d were to apologize for her behaviour, she king win back some of the employees respect and improve morale.There is a cost to hiring back the employees, but this additional cost should be offset by an increase in bookings due to improved service. The hotel was profitable when the staff was all employed there working for the previous owner. What needs to be changed is her treatment of the staff. She should hold a meeting with the staff to explain the changes and her actions, outlining that things will be better in the future. You might say, How fast will the benefits reach and will a positive impact be achieved? Most of these alternatives will take effect right away, but in order to increase the taxation and profit we are looking at long-term goals. The staff should support these entire solutions listed above because no matter how you look at it, Greta has to give back to the hotel. All of these alternatives will rekindle the staffs morale, giving them the boost they need to do a h ard days work. The hotel will turn once again.If Greta cant adapt then she should sell the profession to someone who can make the business a more profitable one. She might also consider promoting Greg to manage the hotel and delegate total authority to him, removing herself from the operations. The staff respect Greg and have worked well with him in the past. Greg has had plenty of experience having these priorities before in the last two years the previous owner had left much of the management decisions up to him. This would re-motivate the staff.Choose a solutionIn order to successfully address the problems herself, Greta needs to recognize that she herself is the problem. She also needs to be able to modify her behaviour and attitude. If she cannot do this, a successful implementation is not possible.Problem 2Identify and Define the ProblemThe second problem is lay. The city of Stratford had had complaints from neighbours about this. The hotel only had11 parking spaces and th e overflow parked on the street. The town council was debating cancelling all-night parking on the street. This would have a dramatic impact on the hotel. In two weeks there would be a council meeting and Greg suggested he get wind in Gretas place but she screamed at him saying that she was in charge and how dare he try to undermine her authority. Greg had enough. He threatened to abandon and walked out of the hotel.Generate and Evaluate Possible SolutionsGreta has to resolve her issues with Greg foremost and apologize for making those remarks. Greg is well respected by the staff and has been working in this business for fifteen years, so he should have her respect too. Since Greta couldnt make any progress with the city council and has alienated them with her remarks, she should give Greg a shot and permit him speak, or discuss his ideas beforehand so she can present his views at the meeting. If Greg walks out on her, other employees might follow. It is very important that she d oes not lose Greg, who is a valuable asset to the hotel and her business, else her problems may escalate.Greta could call a meeting with the staff and brainstorm together. 11 spaces are not enough for their guests to park. If they are unrewarded with city council, they could expand their capacity by renting more property, build an underground garage or designate an area for parking. One spot per employee, one spot per guest. If an indoor garage were to be built, additional expenses would be incurred. The hotel might approach the city to help cover these additional costs. To earn money back, a fee should be charged for the use of the garage.Choose a SolutionThe easiest and most economical solution is for city council to grant parking on the street. The opera hat chances for this happening would be if Greg were to present the hotels case at the council meeting. Greta should recommend that Greg attend.If this fails, the hotel should negotiate to pay for additional parking, where the costs are passed on to the hotel guests using the parking facilities.

Kants Deontology

IntroductionThe word Deon is a Greek word and it promoter duty. accord to the deontological surmise moions argon wrong or right in themselves, quite distant from their effect. In this theory trusted actions are allowed or prevented by the production line that each of the action is either right or wrong in accordance with the ethical obligations. So those who believe in using a deontological theory would bring in consideration the basic rights and duties of groups or individuals and act according to their moral duties.Immanuel Kant the great philosopher, who had lived in the 18th century, proposed the work which is used for the reference of deontology. agree to him each individual has got self-respect and dignity in inheritance. He believes that no virtuoso has right to come up to others in a negative way for his avouch means.Kantian DeontologyKant argues that still proficient will is completely heavy rather than the happiness, pleasure or something else. Those who perfo rm bad deeds are never happy and proud of(p) The thing which is in accordance with and acts for the sake of duty is good will. Kant seems to suggest that only those actions have moral worth(predicate) which is performed for the sake of duty. He determines the moral harbor of aces deeds by the reluctance towards his sake of duty means greater one is disinclined towards the sake of duty, more the moral worth of action. Thus moral duty is independent of and tell aparts before the concept of goodnessThe good will does non need any qualification for being good, thus it is good on its own. . Kant does not believe in the idea of being willed well because of the result being produced by it For Kant a person is accountable for only those things that are under his control. Even though what we will for our deeds is within the power of us scarcely the results of our acts are not. In the same way even if little positive consequences are produced by the actions of a person of good will, he deserves praise.Kant suggests that good will is only acted solely by the right intention. The intention of good will is for the sake of duty. The different intentions for actions are either playacting out of self-interest or for the sake of duty or acting through inclination. For taking into custody the difference among the different intentions for the actions being performed, relate this to the incorporate world example of a salesman at any organization whose customers are very satisfied and he has goodwill. (Karl, 1982)This is because he has never been dishonest to his customers and clients, since he has never overcharged to those customers and clients who are inexperienced. Now there can be three reasons for him to be honest. Firstly he treats frankly just because of an intense competition in his organization. He thinks that if he would be truly honest with his customers, they would not go to his competitors and would therefore prefer to do handicraft with him as a result h e would be awarded by the organization. So in this he is honest just because of self-interest and not for the duty and for Kant this act is not the moral act because it is performed for the sake of self-interest rather than the duty.Another reason for him to be honest is due to an inclination. This means that he derives pleasure from his honesty which has come naturally to him and according to Kant such kind of actions which are performed due to inclination, are also immoral. This is because the inclination is entirely unreliable and irrational, and is followed because of its caprice not because of its reason. These same feelings from which we are inspired and perform kind acts may also inspire us to perform the unkind and cruel acts. That is why inclination is unreliable. (Karl, 1982)Thus according to Kant, the person who acts frankly because he thinks that it is his duty regardless of his inclinations to perform those functions, that is a person of goodwillSo those who are genero us but nature but help the vile just because of their internal feeling of being pity are not behaving morally, rather than those being stingy and help for the sake of duty. The later ones are acting morally For Kant the need of acting out of respect for global law is duty. The person who acts establishes the moral and ethical value.The basic moral principle according to Kant is the savourless commanding an imperative is just an obligation or command. The concept of a categorical imperative is different from that of hypothetical imperative and can be bump and can be understood in its contrast. A hypothetical imperative involves those actions which are performed in order to accomplish various goals But it does not involves those actions whom one does not care for achieving the goals. .The main distinction of categorical imperative is that it only emphasizes how to act irrespective of the result or goal one may progress to Kant believes that a categorical imperative is where, whe n there is a fundamental principle of pietism. This is because the ethical and moral causes dominate the other reasons and causes. For example an organization has a self interested reason to cheat its customers by making lower quality products but if morality is grounded in a categorical imperative, then its moral.But if morality is grounded in a categorical imperative than the moral cause against cheating the customers dominates the self interested cause. . The formulations of Kants Categorical Imperative are that we should always treat ourselves and others at ends not for your means of our ends. Maxim is a principle on which we act willingly. Kant holds that perform only those maxims which always will to be a universal law. (Howard, 1995)These formulations are used by Kant for different expressive ways for same basic principle of respect and value for others They are not synonymous but can be used for expressing the same in that each formulation helps one to perform in the same m anner. The first formulation holds that persons should be tough as beings that have intrinsic value means they have got value which is independent of their worth for any purpose.It rejects the idea of using a person for ones own purpose. But it tells us that one should never use a person merely as a means to your own ends. This means that if someone is willing to do our work than that is acceptable but if he is forced that is unethical so we should not deceive others in doing our will. Categorical Imperative forbids compulsion and deception. In compulsion or deceiving others, we violate their will and disrupt their autonomy.The second formulation permits to perform only those actions whose maxim can become a universal law of nature. One acting on maxim requires the test of universalization so that everyone can act on it. It is not necessary that a certain maxim should always be a universal law but it must have to be applied on a universal basis, only that is morally permissible. Th is can be related to the corporate work world in the way that if an employee working in an organization deceives everyone by cheating his employer and by not performing his functions well thinking that what he is doing, is right.If his motives are good then he passes the first test of deontology, but if he applies all his to a higher place discussed actions on a universal basis that everyone would start cheating then would this cheating work? Of course not, for the reason that cheating depends on deception. People would not be deceived if they are expected to be cheated. So for Kant and his Categorical Imperative cheating is morally wrong. So it is must to decide that maxim can be applied on a universal scale. If it can then the action is deemed to be good, if it cannot then the action is deemed to be morally bad.Corporations have highly declare decision-making structures since they are social groups and they have to keep in concern the benefits of the people present in their inte rnal as well as external surroundings and have a strong influence on the faiths and decisions and beliefs of the persons who are members of the large-scale corporation. So according to Kant corporate intentions cannot be reduced to the individual members aggregate decisions. In fact, all the decisions must be applied on universal basis which are morally acceptable. Thus the individuals have the power to change the course of the corporate character by retaining their ability, provided that sufficient number agrees on that change which is required. (Howard, 1995)ReferencesAmeriks, Karl. (1982) Kants Theory of Mind An Analysis of the Paralogisms of Pure Reason. Oxford Clarendon Press.Caygill, Howard. (1995) A Kant Dictionary. Oxford, UK Cambridge, Mass., USA Blackwell Reference. ISBN 0-631-17534-2, ISBN 0-631-17535-0

Epicatechin content in green tea (Camellia sinensis) supplements and their antioxidant activities

Introduction/backgroundGreen tea produced from Camellia sinensis is a popular beverage and is consumed worldwide. Green tea produced from Camellia leaves ar mainly consumed in East Asian countries including China, Japan and Taiwan whereas in western parts and south Asian countries, black tea is relatively popular (Chan, et.al. 2011). Green tea produced from Camellia is believed to have some(prenominal) health benefits. The tea from Camellia mainly inverts flavanols or catechins, epigallocatechins, epicatechin gallate and epicatechin. The tea is manufactured in such a way that the catechin oxidation by polyphenol oxidase is prevented (Chan, et.al. 2011). Although all of these components in green tea are reported to have several health benefits, in this study only the role of epicatechin in green tea from Camellia has been extensively reviewed. Epicatechin is a strong antioxidant, which has been suggested to have several health benefits (Ravindranath, et.al. 2009).1.1. Project Ai ms Considering the antioxidant activities of epicatechin content in Camellia sinensis, and having reviewed available literature on the subject area, this labour therefore aims toIdentify and set epicatechin content in herb tea concomitants by using measuring compound. Understand and evaluate the antioxidant property of the standard compound that has been reported to be the antioxidant application of the supplements.These aims were targeted with the views to providing clearer understanding of the role of antioxidants, present in green tea, as well as the health benefits associated to it.1.2 Standardization of plant extractsHerbal supplements are the complex mixtures containing organic chemicals derived from different plant sources including leaves, stems, flowers, roots and seeds. Although most herbal tea tea supplements and their compounds present in them are safe, many have been reported to have biologically supple compounds that can alter several physiological processes wit hin the body, as well as may interact with drugs. Thus, it is important to know the presence of active ingredients in the herbal supplement (Bent, 2008). Moreover, plant extracts are found to be rich in free radical and reactive oxygen species thatare implicated in the alterations of various metabolic processes, and may lead tohuman diseases (Cases, et.al. 2010). teaching on the biologically active compounds in herbal products will also help consumers in many aspects. Higher therapeutics effects can be seen in standardized extracts compared to the whole herb or non-standardized extracts this is because, active principal is concentrated to a much higher level in the extracts than in the plant itself. Thus, purchasers of herbal products will get health benefits if extracts are standardized (Cases, et.al. 2010). 1.3 AntioxidantsAntioxidants are the compounds that are habitually derived from enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase and glutathione red uctase from minerals such as selenium, manganese, copper and coat as well as naturally from A, C and E vitamins (Lobo, et.al. 2010). Natural antioxidants are commonly found in plants consumed in the diet including carotenoids and phenolic compounds.Moreover, plants contain high concentrations of numerous antioxidants that include polyphenols, carotenoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, glutathione and ascorbic acid (Charles, 2013).Their most important role in the body is to protect cells against the effects of free radicals. warrant radicals are the volcanic molecular species containing an unpaired electron that are able to exist independently. Most of these species are highly reactive and are potentially damaging to the cells (Lobo, et.al. 2010). some of the common oxygen- free radicals that are involved in many human diseases include hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen singlet, hypochlorite, nitric oxide radical, and peroxynitrite radical. Increase d levels of these reactive species in the body cells induce damage of the DNA, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Thus, a balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function (Lobo, et.al. 2010). Any dis-balance in this may solution the initiation of various diseases including cancer, vascular diseases and degenerative diseases. Hence, the study of antioxidants and their sources have been the focus of intense research.1.4. Brief information on herbal supplements to use in the projectThis project studies the presence of epicatechin content in Camellia sinensis thus, the project uses herbal capsules from Camellia sinensis as herbal supplements. Camellia sinenis is taken as green tea and contains antioxidants in it, which is why it is commonly used in herbal medicine. Epicatechin is abundantly found in Camellia sinensis herbal supplement. Cameillia sinensis also contains various active compounds as extracts. Some of the major active compounds found in Camellia sinensis include catechins, caffeine, flavonols and proanthocyanidins (Charles, 2013). The health benefits of green tea (Camellia sinensis) epicatechins are being extensively studied and explained . Endothelial cells are associated to vascular function and homeostasis whose dysfunction may have implication in cardiovascular disease including atherogenesis. (Moore, et.al. 2009). Moreover, some studies suggest their anticancer role by enchaining apoptosis (Ravindranath, et.al. 2009). With findings emerging from several new studies regarding the health benefits of the green tea from Camellia sinensis, it is being increasingly popular among the people. MethodsSimple and reliable techniques will be chosen in this project to investigate epicatechin content in Camellia sinenis. Experiments will be carried out using reflux extraction to determine the biologically active compounds present in the test supplement (herbal capsules from Camellia sinensis). This will be confir med by NMR analysis. NMR analysis will be through with(p) to confirm that determination of correct biological compound including antioxidants from Camellia sinensis. Crude extract will be made from the material extracted from herbal capsules using a suitable solvent under reflux, which will then be run on thin layer chromatography (TLC) to see if a corresponding band for the standard also appears in the extract. This will tell whether or not the compound is present in the extract, as the study of organic compounds present in the supplement of Camellia sinensis can be made using this technique. To cut of the evaporation time, rotary evaporation method will be employed while evaporating the solvent. reversal phase analytical high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) will be used to identify the standard compound in the extract and then to quantify the amount of compound in it. Finally, the antioxidant assay will be carried out to determine the antioxidant activity of the extracte d compound as a control, plant Flavonoid quercetin, which has antioxidant activity, will be used.REFERENCESCharles, J.D. (2013). Antioxidant Properties of Spices, Herbs and Other Sources. Natural Antioxidants. 39-64.Chan, E.W.C, Eu, Y.S, Tie, P.P, Law, Y.P. (2011). Pharmacognosy Research. Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of green, black, and herbal teas of Camellia sinensis. 3(4), 266-272.Irshad, M and Chaudhuri, P.S. (2002). Indian journal of experimental biology. Oxidant-antioxidant system role and significance in human body.. 40(11), 1233-1239.Lobo, V, Patil, A, Phatak, A, Chandra, N. (2010). Pharmacogn Rev. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods Impact on human health. 4(8), 118-126.Moore, R.J, Jackson, K.G, Minihane, A.M. (2010). The British journal of nutrition. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) catechins and vascular function. 96(4), 597-605.Ravindranath, M.H, et.al.,. (2006). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.. Epicatechins Purified from Green Tea (Camellia s inensis) Differentially shell Growth of Gender-Dependent Human Cancer Cell Lines. 3(2), 237-247.Ravindranath, et.al., (2009). Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. Differential Growth Suppression of Human Melanoma Cells by Tea (Camellia sinensis) Epicatechins (ECG, EGC and EGCG). 6(4), 523-530.Roman, M, (2001) Natural Products Insider, http//www.naturalproductsinsider.com/articles/2001/04/the-benefits-and-pitfalls-of-standardizing-botanic.aspx, 11/12/2013.Uzunalic, A.P, et.al.. (2006). Food Chemistry. Extraction of active ingredients from green tea (Camellia sinensis) Extraction efficiency of major catechins and caffeine. 96(4), 597-605.Yang, Z, Xu, Y, Jie, G, He, P and Tu, Y. (2007). Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. Study on the antioxidant activity of tea flowers (Camellia sinensis) . 16(1), 148-152.

The Minimum Wage Debate

lower limit occupy is defined as the lowest amount that employers can legally pay their workers per hour of labor. Most states ask laws in side to enforce the tokenish absorb those that do not atomic number 18 subject to the federal borderline wage of $7. 25. There are both benefits and drawbacks of this type of policy. many an(prenominal) supporters of a nominal wage believe it accessions the standard of living and reduced poverty. Those that oppose a minimum wage believe it will change magnitude unemployment and harms bungling laborers. IntroductionThe Fair Labor Standards Act, passed in 1938, mandated a federal minimum wage that now applies to most work and most workers, in the United States. in the first place the wage was set at 25 cents, the minimum wage has risen occasionally since 1938 to its current hourly level of $7. 25, where it has remained since 2009. When the minimum wage was roughly half the average wage, in the late 1960s, full-time, year round minimum wage passings for maven worker lifted a family of three from poverty. Today, a minimum wage worker lives on $3,000 less than the poverty line and the minimum wage is worth only 37 percent of the average wage (Owens, 2013). marginal wage laws were established with certain goals in mind. minimal wage was initially established to reduce poverty. Establishing a minimum wage in the United States outback(a) sweat shops and insured individuals were paid properly for their work. Minimum wage additionally protects younger workers and minorities from being paid less than others. Support for an Increase in the Minimum Wage The positive effects of minimum wage are plentiful it is believed that the minimum wage increases the standard of living for the poorest and most vulnerable classes in ordering and raises the average.It as well stimulates consumption, by putting more money in the hands of low-income people who spend their entire paychecks. Minimum wage increases the work ethic of thos e who earn very little, as employers demand more return from the higher cost of hiring these employees. It decreases the cost of government social welfare programs, increasing incomes for the lowest-paid and encourages people to join the men rather than pursuing money through illegal means. The minimum wage also encourages efficiency and automation of industry and re roleplays low paying jobs, forcing workers to train for, and move to, higher paying jobs (Fox, 2006).Many believe that minimum wage increases cause adverse employment effects. Three possible reasons minimum wages do not affect employment were suggested by Alan Blinder higher wages may reduce turnover, and hence training costs raising the minimum wage may render moot the potential problem of recruiting workers at a higher wage than current workers and minimum wage workers might represent such a small proportion of a businesss cost that the increase is too small to matter.He admits that he does not know if these are cor rect, but argues that the list demonstrates that one can accept the new empirical findings and still be a card-carrying economist. (Blinder, 1996). In discussing the minimum wage, Robert M. Solow, a Nobel laureate in economics at the mommy Institute of Technology, told the New York Times, The main thing about (minimum wage) research is that the evidence of job loss is weak. And the fact that the evidence is weak suggests that the impact on jobs is small. (Norlund, 1997) The American public supports increasing the minimum wage by a solid margin.Nearly every survey finds overwhelming support for raising the minimum wage. For example, a poll recently conducted by the website Politico, conducted in March of 2013 found that 71% of Americans backed an increase in the minimum wage. Opposition of an Increase in the Minimum Wage Opponents of the minimum wage claim it hurts small business more than large business. By increasing wages, business owners must use their profits to increase wage s or increase their prices. Cheaper labor helps small businesses employ younger and more inexperienced workers to perform less skill intensive work.Its also argued that it may cause price inflation due to businesses increasing the price of goods sold. Small businesses with limited payroll budges cannot offer their most valuable employees good and engaging wages above unskilled workers paid the artificially high minimum, and see a rising hurdle-cost of adding workers (Jr. , 2005). Some opponents claim that the goals minimum wage was created to accomplish have not been met. In some instances employment has decreased more than the increase in wages and thereby overall earnings are still reduced.Businesses are forced to hire fewer employees because paid wages have increased to meet the minimum. Some studies have shown that few low-wage workers actually come from families in poverty. Thus, minimum wage is more often imposed on the teenage worker with their first job than on people who would otherwise be unemployed. Additional arguments against the minimum wage include how it is ineffective compared to other methods such as basic income (or negative income tax), which is a system of social security that periodically provides each citizen with a sum of money that is sufficient to live on.This does not include a means test, the richest and the poorest would receive it as something similar to a dividend from the government. A guaranteed minimum income is some other proposed system of social welfare. Its similar to basic income, but it is normally conditional and subject to a means test. A refundable tax credit, such as the Earned Income Tax Credit is another alternative for minimum wage, which some claim was an effective stimulus for the economy. Opinion I feel very part between the pros and cons of the minimum wage debate. I feel that a living wage for employees is necessary to ensure that poverty levels are avoided.In addition to avoiding poverty, fair wages for all is essential to reducing wage discrimination. However, I find that the increased wage paid to employees by small businesses can be cripple to their profits, particularly in our current economy and with how frequently small businesses fail. Conclusion Both sides present valid arguments, so what is the solution? One solution would be to raise the minimum wage to an acceptable higher level for adult workers, while retaining exceptions to allow the businesses to hire teenagers, students and temporary or seasonal workers at a lower minimum wage.This would protect those most impacted by a low minimum wage, families attempting to survive on a single minimum wage salary, while protecting the jobs of traditional minimum wage workers by allowing businesses to hire them at the previous rates. Though this solution has its flaws, however, employers might use a wage disparity as an incentive to hire more young workers at lower rates, leaving older workers jobless. This solution and others ar e highly debated by politicians and citizens and truly, no solution has been found.In time, the federal minimum wage will rise, as is dictated by laws both purposed and in effect currently. Perhaps a founder solution for small businesses impacted would be a tax subsidy to balance the loss in profits from an increased minimum wage. It would increase hiring rates, and would aliveness small businesses at their previous profit levels. Employment would increase in a sector, small business, which our economy greatly relies on and provide those companies with incentive to increase their labor force.

Gender Dysphoria and the Persecution of Transgender People

The morality of sex has been given wide attention be driving force it is a principle to differentiate amidst proper inner behavior and improper sexual behaviour. Since the sexual act is connected with the giving birth to children (human reproduction),it despite being a very private and intimate matter. deal normally born with only cardinal sex either young-begetting(prenominal) or female. There ar good deal who unsatisfied with their own sex which more than or less probably happen in man,they swop gender reassign workforcet therapy to make themselves a real adult female.In 20th century, issue regarding sex exchange is still a obsolescent and unprecedented case. Einar Mogens Wegener make an outstanding conclusiveness that he want to chthoniangoes sex exchange,he is one of the first identifiable recipients of male to female sex reassignment therapy which after that named himself as Lili Elbe. In 1930,the medical checkup technology is still non advanced enough to make sure the sex exchange operation can be successfully done that he still determined with his own decision.He went with a series of five operations over a period of devil years. However, three months after her last operation, he died. His ca call of death is believed to have transplant rejection. He is a pioneer to the history of sex exchange. In the reflection of psychology,the cause of human being who unsatisfied with their own sex and strong willing to undergo sex exchange is due to gender dysphoria provided the cause of gender dysphoria is still an unknown.Recently, scientific evidence suggests that there are biological influences before birth. This imply that gender identity, a vast with other physical characteristics, is established long before environmental factors influence individual accessibleisation. A recent experiment suggests that both biology and some environment influences may play a grapheme in determining gender identity. In the medical model, transsexual men and women are diagnosed with gender dysphoria and gender identity disorder.In the DSM IV the American Psychiatric connector presents several components of what it calls gender identity disorder * a strong and persistent cross-gender identification, which is the desire to be, or the insistence that one is, of the other sex * not provided a desire for any perceived cultural advantages of being the other sex but evidence of a persistent discomfort about ones biologically assigned sex * clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning. bandage some forms of gender identity dysphoria may be temporary and thus ranssexualism is immutable. However, the apostrophize of sex reassignment mathematical process vary. According to the entropy collected through internet,Female to male surgery in Toronto costs approximately $10,000 to $12,000. In the UK, where the sex Identity clinic of the Clark Institute of Psychiatry utilise to sent its clients, male to female surgery costs approximately ? 9,000 (approximately $18,000 Canadian). The information that is available on costs of sex reassignment surgery indicates that in the United States male to female surgery can cost surrounded by $10,000 and $28,000 (U.S. ). According to the 1996 British Columbia law reform project on human rights and the transgendered community, male to female sex reassignment surgery ranges from between $5,000 and $10,000. Female to male sex reassignment surgery costs considerably more, ranging from $20,000 to more than $60,000. Under legal and medical issues,the authors note that the legal system and the medical system have move in the medicalisation of identity. For example, the courts take away whether, medically speaking, a person is a woman or a man.In Ontario, the political sympathies interpretation of the Vital Statistics Act requires a medical letter and sex reassignment surgery before allowing a change in the birth certificat e. Government policies for other documentation vary, but many ask for medical proof that the individual is transsexual instead of accept self-identification. Consultees reported instances of court cases much(prenominal) as custody disputes where the transsexual parent was required to undergo medical assessment to confirm the persons gender identity.Next,transgendered person must receive legal recognition from a gender identity clinic, which is not always accessible, in order to receive appropriate service or treatment from the health apportion system and other organizations that they may come in contact with. frequent practitioners often do not have suffivcient resources or expertise that provide appropriate operate to transgendered patients. As a result, there are many transgendered individuals who self-medicate and self-treat with ductless gland therapy, which subsequently puts their health at risk.Many individuals in this situation reported that they matte they have no oth er option due to expensive operation cost and lack of expertise in this aspect. There are some case that a pre-operative transsexual woman and one intersexed woman should always bring along the letters written by their doctors because the letter recommend the individual and advised that the individual had been diagnosed as having gender identity disorder so that the multitude citation the individual as a woman.These two individuals indicated that they carried this letter at all times in the event that they were stopped by the practice of law, stopped when using womens change rooms or washroom facilities, questioned at government agencies or in any other official setting. It is a recent trend that a maturement number of people who are transgendered no longer consider sex reassignment surgery as a suitable option for them either due to cost, medical risks, medical barriers or even on principle.Many of them do not wish to assimilate into a society with rigid bifurcated standards of sex and gender congruence, but rather ask that society accepts and adapts to transgendered people. Nevertheless, a large number of transsexuals in Ontario seek sex reassignment surgery but due to a recent change in government policy, economic and medical barriers, they cannot access it. These factors to a fault effectively preclude transgendered people from accessing hormone therapy.Sex change is a term often utilise for sex change in humans, that is all medical procedures transgender people may pursue, or specifically to sex reassignment surgery, which usually refers to genital surgery only. It is excessively sometimes used for the medical procedures intersex people undergo or more often are subjected to as children. Sex change is sometimes also used for the whole process of changing gender role and the medical procedures associated with it.Actually,to them, changing of gender role such as living as a woman instead of living as a man, or living as a man instead of living as a wo man, is much more important than any medical procedures. There are many different opinion of people nowadays toward the transgender issue. Some people thought that people who very decide to change their gender must be a brave and ambitious people. They give people some positive effect that we must not let our fear to outweigh our desire to make our dreams come true.Thus,they feel that people who undergoes transgender without care on other peoples view is so courageous as the ready to suffer of the pain in operation and in the cold-shoulder of society. However,there are some people who think that people who not appreciate just will unsatisfired with their own gender,we should appreciate what we had as a gift of God. Therefore,there are some family members who not agree with them and feel that it is a confuse toward the reputation of a amily thus this causes some of the thransgender persons homeless. This is because transsexual youth who are open about their identity face extreme ab use and rejection from families and peers. Many are forced to leave their home communities and survive on the streets. During the consultation, some individuals indicated that they were not in conflict with the diagnosing of gender dysphoria. Indeed, the diagnosis facilitated their ability to identify in their felt gender and allowed them to access sex reassignment surgery.One group involved with transgendered individuals who are homeless, street workers or living with HIV/AIDS stated that the medical diagnosis is especially important for lower income transsexuals who cannot afford private medical care or who are employed during the transition from the birth assigned sex to their felt gender. Others were, at the very least, concerned with the negative stereotyping attached to a diagnosis of a psychiatric disability. Most community members stated that access to medical services for sex reassignment should not be barred even if the psychiatric diagnosis is removed.One group made an an alogy between the allowance of medical affects connect to aligning ones physical appearance to ones gender identity on the one hand and the medical care that is required during pregnancy on the other. For instane,The Supreme Court of Canada in Brooks recognized pregnancy as a health issue rather than a disability and required that accommodation be provided on the former basis. Similarly, it is argued that transgendered persons should be able to stick accommodation without being pigeon-holed as persons with disabilities. According to the data,transgender person actually face a deal out of morality problems.For example the transgender students face severe discrimination and harassment in schools. 89. 5% of transgender students report feeling unsafe in schools. Transgender students are at higher(prenominal) risk of dropping out of school and of felo-de-se. Next, many transgender and gender non-conforming students have no access to bathrooms. Some are told to use the bathroom that does not change course to their gender identity. Many are expelled from school because the school does not know where the person should use the bathrooms. Then, more than one quarter of them said they had lost a job due to being transgender or gender non-conforming and half were harassed.Many Americans have a profound lack of dread of what it means to be transgender. Consequently, transgender people unremarkably face a wide variety of discriminatory barriers to full equality. They sometimes face difficulties meeting their basic needs such as getting a job, housing and health care or in having their gender identity respected too like in the simple act of going to a commonplace restroom. As a conclude,the transgendered community has to deal with discrimination, physical violence and undue stereotypes in reality. Those are eight main problems face by transgender people (a) HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS is a significant health consideration for transgendered individuals who engage in high-risk behaviors such as unprotected sexual activity or intravenous drug use. This issue is highlighted by a research report done in Vancouver, which indicated that 70 to 80 per cent of transgendered sex trade workers are HIV positive. (b) Transgendered Youth Transgendered youth have limited access to professionals who understand the nature of gender identity and how to support a transgendered individual. Continued homophobia and transphobia in the social services directed to gay, lesbian and bisexual and transgendered youth compound this.This was stated several times in the consultations. One woman related the story of her internment in youth group homes before her sex reassignment surgery. She was told to act like a man, disciplined for not doing so, and survived the process simply by denying her transgendered status. Further, consultees stated that the educational system does not understand transgendered issues. Transgendered youth and transgendered parents both face barriers dealing w ith the school system. Some social service agencies are beginning to recognize the need to address these issues.For example, the Catholic Childrens Aid of Metropolitan Toronto has developed a policy that includes transgendered youth in its intervention policy. The policy states that all staff care providers and volunteers must undergo training with regard to the needs, concerns, language, symbols and culture of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered youth and families. Issues concerning sexuality that arise in service delivery to transgendered youth should be enured with the same respect, concern, sensitivity, and confidentiality accorded to heterosexual youth and families. c) Services and Media Service delivery to the transgendered community is generally reported to be poor. In consultations, individuals reported that they had been stopped by the police and told to identify who they were. Hospital workers show prejudicial attitudes in treatment once the birth assigned sex of the individual is discover. Insurance companies give differential treatment once the transsexual identity of an individual is discovered. Transgendered women have difficulty accessing womens shelters and other social service agencies.Families of transgendered people, including spouses, children and parents also lack the resources to obtain the support and understanding they need and to be free from discrimination. The media generally shows a misunderstanding of the issues faced by transsexuals. There is often confusion of terminology used to describe individuals, i. e. not distinguishing between the issues of transsexuals, cross-dressers, etc. The result is that derogatory or sensationalistic language is frequently used when reporting on issues that are related, in whole or part, to transgender issues. d) OHIP Coverage From 1970 to 1998, OHIP coverage had been provided for sex reassignment surgery for individuals approved by the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry. Ontarios Ministry of Heal th treated most aspects of sex reassignment surgery, including out-of-province procedures, as reimbursable services under OHIP. Section 7 of the Health Insurance Act outlines that breast enlargement, augmentation, mammoplasty or breast reconstruction in a male to female conversion is not an see benefit unless prior authorisation is received from the Ministry of Health.In all cases, health coverage for sex reassignment surgery in Ontario was contingent upon having completed the program at the Gender Identity Clinic at the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry and having been recommended by the Clinic for sex reassignment surgery. In October 1998, the Ontario government decided to remove sex reassignment surgery from the list of services covered by provincial health insurance. This decision was met with public outcry from the transgender community and is interpreted as a statement that the government does not consider the issues of transgendered people as valid, significant, or important.Th is decision has a profound impact on transgendered people who are part of a highly marginalised community and who are also often in a lower income bracket which means they lack the financial resources to pay for surgery. The Ministry of Health has not provided any rationale behind the decision to delete health insurance coverage for sex reassignment surgery. An article in the Toronto Sun, based on information apparently provided by the government, states that the savings will be applied to cardiac surgery.However, the public funds allocated for sex reassignment surgery are insignificant when compared to the budget of the Ministry of Health. The article ignores the fact that qualified professionals have identified surgery to be a medical necessity. Moreover, the consequences of not covering surgery may include additional or increased costs in other areas such as counselling and health care. It may also result in an elevated risk of suicide in the transgendered community because indiv iduals are unable to obtain appropriate services. e) Fear of discovery Transsexuals and transgenderists fear discovery of their birth-assigned sex. Likewise, for cross-dressers, the fear of being discovered is a significant concern. The repercussions of being discovered can include barrier of employment, loss of housing, loss of services, social isolation and other forms of discrimination, harassment and possibly violence. (f) Hate Crimes and Transgendered Individuals Crime statistics indicate that transgendered people are victims of hate crimes that may also involve violence.Furthermore, such crimes may not be taken as seriously or dealt with appropriately. As remark in a draft brief by the Canadian Task Force for Transgendered Law Reform (g) Poverty There is no statistical data about the rates of poverty for transgendered people. However, it was noted during consultation that transgendered persons experience severe economic hardship. This could be due to the difficulties in acc essing medical and insurance services, discrimination in the workplace, and social and economic marginalisation.Mirha-Soleil Ross, the co-ordinator of Meal Trans a program for transgendered people in Toronto, states that 90% of those people who utilise the program earn less than $10,000 a year. (h) International Persecution of Transgendered People The social rejection of transgendered persons manifests itself internationally through cross-border issues of recognition of transgendered individuals as refugees and related issues of returning them to their country of origin under international law. For example, a transgendered woman who claimed refugee status in Canada was deported to Mexico although she alleged fear of persecution if returned.Public and government should give more concern toward transgender people,we must not discriminate those people but give more positive support toward them as it is not soft fot a person to decide to undergo sex exchange,the person must be tough an d brave enough. In order to minimize the rate of suicide in the population of transgender people,we should pay more attention to them and thus give them an equal rights as what normal people got. We should not evade them in public but on the other hand we should respect their choice of undergo transgender.We always erroneously believe that transgender normally is AIDS carrier but in fact they too love themselves and of course will protect themselves for AIDS by having proper sex intercourse. Recent studies have shown that transgender people are at high risk for HIV. Few studies, however, have directly compared the HIV risks and sexual health of transgender persons with that of other sexual minority populations. This study used baseline data of intervention studies targeting transgender persons, men who have sex with men, and women who have sex with women and men to compare their HIV risk behavior and sexual health.No significant differences were found between transgender persons and non-transgender men or women in consistent condom use or attitudes toward condom use. Transgender persons were less likely to have multiple partners and more likely to be monogamous than men who have sex with men no differences were found between transgender persons and the women in this respect. When combining data on condom use, monogamy, and multiple partners, transgender persons did not differ from either non-transgender group in their overall risk for HIV.Transgender persons were less likely than the men or the women to have been tested for HIV. With regard to HIV prevalence, 17% of the men compared to only one transgender person and none of the women reported being HIV-positive. Transgender persons were also less likely than men who have sex with men to use drugs no differences were found in the use of alcohol. However, with regard to mental health, transgender persons were more likely than the men to have experienced depression and more likely than men or women to have consi dered or attempted suicide.Finally, transgender persons reported the lowest levels of support from family and peers. Thus, in our sample, transgender persons appear to be at lower risk for HIV but at higher risk for mental health concerns than men who have sex with men. Remarkably few differences were found between transgender persons and women who have sex with women and men-a conclusion which might reflect the impact of social stigma on sexual health and have implications for the design of future HIV/STI prevention efforts.

Inspector Goole

Inspector Goole in Priestleys play An Inspector Calls is arguably the most valuable character. An agent of change and a voice and a voice of personal and social conscience he delivers the main nitty-gritty of the play in his parting speech challenging the Birlings, and the audience, to Remember that there are millions and millions of people like Eva Smith, all linked in some way. Clearly at this stage his inquiry of the Birlings behaviour and the investigation of the suicide of Eva Smith proves he is the voice of morality.Goole states we dont live al unmatched and are responsible for separately other. This message is in direct contrast to the one delivered by Arthur Birling at the start of the play where he claims a man has to look after himself and his consume I believe it is no coincidence that Inspector Goole joins the play at this point and sets the tone for the conflict the two are going to have end-to-end the entirety of the play.The way that Inspector Goole conducts his investigation of sorts not only exposes Eva Smiths tragic chain of Events which leads to her eventual suicide but similarly enables the audience to understand each individual characters role in Evas death for Sheila getting her fired from her last steady job and Arthur Birling caring to much about let down costs and higher prices than his workers welfare.Goole is very clear when informing the Birlings and Gerald Croft of the way he like to go to Work He states he will use one line of inquiry at a time. He feels to do otherwise would result in a muddle. Certainly his way of investigation highlights his glacial opposite opinion to Arthur Birling whereas he believes in a butterfly effect where each character has individually contributed to the downward spiral of Eva Smiths life. Goole exposes the guilt of each character.The Birlings seem, at the beginning of the play to be a respectable up market family even Gerald Croft comments that they appear a nice considerably behaved family, but Goole shows this too all be a fake disguise when he reveals with his research methods that they are actually a family which thinks they are socially superior and one that is totally centred around power this statement is proved when Arthur Birling says ex Lord Mayor and I was on the bench and this so fought over power is abused many times in the book by the haracters for example when Gerald Croft uses his monetary advantage to abuse Eva for sex and when Sheila uses her fathers name to get Eva fired from her job at Millwoods. The Inspector quickly creates a conflict between the age generations with the elders staying stuck in their ways and not winning any kind of responsibility for their role in Eva Smiths death, whereas the younger generation know they have to share the guilt respectively as they are all to blame for Evas death.When Priestly wrote this play I believe he invented the character Inspector Goole to spread his message of responsibility through his dialogue this point is proved on many occasions when the inspector speaks to the Birlings about how they must take responsibility for their actions and share the guilt. He also has a massive speech just before he leaves the Birlings house to round off everything he has tried to get them to learn. Which even though they subsequent find out he was not actually an Inspector teaches the younger generation at lesson about responsibility and the effect their actions had on others.

Growth Strategy for Vincor Essay

Vincor need to align itself in the marketplaceplace such that it can continue to be a market leader and grow internationally. The Canadian wine market is stagnant with limited gain opportunities in a few segments red, premium, varietal, and ice wines. Supply is always a big concern and goernment regulations for the bargain of alcohol must be considered. As a result of the changing environment, new prospects in the market and strategic growth in external markets (international) should be analyzed.Going forward, Vincors growth strategy needs to focus on markets where they can have substantial market penetration and be highly successful. The opportunities atomic number 18 as follows1) Expand into international markets via acquisition and restructure the current debt to reduce interest costs. Capitalize on the popular station name in the new market to achieve significant foreign growth.2) varied approach to cost reduction and focus on niches within Canada. Recover a portion of th e uphill grey market by developing new product packaging for the low-end wines (plastic or boxes).3) Build inversely beneficial partnerships with new glass bottle suppliers and develop a sales channel that will incur economies of scale for the price of bottles and increase margins or renegotiate with current suppliers to reduce costs and provide incentives by signing an exclusivity agreement.4) Zero in on the ice wine consumers by meeting the demand. Exploit the Inniskillin brand in the Canadian premium wine market in order to gain market share.5) pose a new product internationally through a partnership with a winery or vineyard by leveraging Vincors strong management team, international award status and prove sales force to sustain Vincors growth pattern.Expanding internationally through the acquisition of a community with strong branding would prove the best alternative, both in terms of timing and future growth potential. Developing a partnership in order to produce new prod ucts would take years and respectable time and effort before any gains would be realized. The varied approach would not produce generous growth to support an IPO, but many of these avenues will be addressed to reduce costs over the next several years.First six (6) to twelve (12) months Set up the team that will divvy up an international market study to determine which market, and more specifically, brand to penetrate. The team will include1. Jones and a market insight team (utilize services of a consulting firm that specializes in foreign winery acquisitions)2. capital of Mississippi and his mergers and acquisition (M&A) team3. Munroe for sales and market4. Investment banker The market insight team will bring in the data and develop a sound understanding of the targeted wineries and knowledge of the regulations of the country Recommendations will be make to M&A teamNext twelve (12) to eighteen (18) months Once a decision is reached, the investing banker and M&A team will conta ct the companies, begin their due diligence process and endure the final purchase The new winery will be integrated into Vincors portfolio and Munroe with his sales and marketing team will be responsible for its growthThe international acquisition will expand Vincor globally and provide for significant growth in its portfolio. At the same time, the desired Canadian relationships with suppliers will be cemented to reduce cost of sales and increase margins.